Wednesday, October 2, 2024

Examination of the Israel-Iran conflict.By: Habtamu Nini Abino


On Tuesday, October 1st, Iran fired approximately 200 ballistic missiles towards Israel, with Tehran stating that the missiles aimed at three military bases in Tel Aviv. This action was characterized by Iran's Revolutionary Guard as a response to the deaths of Hezbollah's chief and Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh. The Iranian assault has escalated concerns regarding the potential for an all-out war in West Asia. Following the missile strike, Iran issued a warning to Israel against any retaliatory measures, threatening severe attacks aimed at Israeli infrastructure. They also cautioned that military intervention from any nations supporting Israel could prompt a powerful response. In defiance of these threats, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has pledged to retaliate against Iran's missile assault, declaring that Iran has made a grave mistake and will face consequences. He emphasized that any entity attacking Israel will be met with a firm response. The United States has also warned Iran to anticipate serious repercussions for its actions against Israel. President Joe Biden indicated that he would collaborate with Prime Minister Netanyahu to formulate a joint response and has ordered the U.S. military to assist in bolstering Israeli defenses. American officials reported that the Iranian attack was thwarted with the aid of U.S. warships. In light of the escalating tensions, world leaders have called for a ceasefire. UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer condemned the Iranian missile strike and expressed solidarity with Israel. The European Union’s foreign policy chief, Josep Borrell, has advocated for an immediate ceasefire, while Japan's new Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, labeled the Iranian attack as unacceptable. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres condemned the expanding conflict in West Asia. 
Naftali Bennett  the former prime Minister of Israel, asserts that Israel currently possesses a significant opportunity—the most substantial in 50 years—to effect substantial changes in the Middle East. He highlights a critical error made by the Iranian leadership, which was once adept at strategic planning, and emphasizes the urgent need for decisive action to dismantle Iran's nuclear program and its central energy facilities, ultimately aiming to incapacitate what he refers to as the terrorist regime.

Bennett advocates for targeting the central source of terror, denoting it as the "head of the octopus," which has, through its cowardice, deployed its affiliates—such as Hamas and Hezbollah—to perpetrate violence while the Iranian leadership remains secure in their strongholds.

He notes that the operational capabilities of these affiliates are currently hampered and urges immediate action against the regime. He expresses the need to eliminate this significant threat to future generations, suggesting that such actions could empower the Iranian populace to rise against their repressive government.

Bennett underscores that the conditions for intervention are justified, equipped with the necessary resources now that the affiliates are weakened, thus exposing Iran. He recounts a harrowing year during which Iranian proxies inflicted violence on Israeli families, leading to grave consequences including abduction, destruction, and widespread psychological trauma.

He concludes that this pivotal moment calls for a unified response from the "Nation of Lions," which has demonstrated resilience and a desire for decisive action. He emphasizes the importance of seizing this historic opportunity and insists that it must not be overlooked.
In response, the Israeli Defense Forces have commenced new airstrikes targeting Hezbollah positions in the southern suburbs of Beirut.
This action followed Israel's issuance of multiple evacuation orders in the region. The airstrikes were executed in conjunction with Israel's ground operation within Lebanese territory. The Israeli Army asserts that it has disrupted a comprehensive plan by Hezbollah to initiate an attack on Northern Israel. According to IDF spokesperson, Admiral Daniel Hagari, Hezbollah was reportedly preparing to launch an assault on Israel on October 7th, coinciding with the one-year anniversary of the Hamas attack that resulted in approximately 1,200 fatalities.
Let us revisit the fundamental question: In the event of an escalation of conflict, which nation would emerge victorious—Israel or Iran? We will examine the available data to evaluate which country possesses a comparative advantage: Israel with its advanced technology or Iran with its significant numerical superiority. 

First, we must consider the population figures. Iran boasts a population of nearly 92 million, whereas Israel's population is approximately 9.4 million, accounting for about one-tenth of Iran's total. This disparity is reflected in their military personnel statistics. Iran maintains 610,000 active troops, 350,000 reserve fighters, and 220,000 paramilitary personnel, resulting in a total of approximately 1.18 million individuals in its armed forces. In contrast, Israel has 170,000 active-duty personnel, 465,000 reservists, and 35,000 paramilitary troops, yielding a total of around 670,000. This figure is just over half of Iran's military personnel count, suggesting that Israel may be outnumbered.

However, it is important to note that numerical strength is not the sole determinant of military effectiveness. In Israel, military service is mandatory, with the majority of citizens serving in the armed forces for a duration of two and a half to three years. While Iran also has compulsory military service, it primarily applies to men; the vast population of Iran implies that it has a larger pool of individuals with military training. Consequently, in an all-out conflict, Iran's numerical advantage in both trained personnel and equipment may be decisive.

When we analyze ground forces, it is evident that Iran surpasses Israel in terms of the number of tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, and mobile rocket launchers. This trend is mirrored in naval capabilities; Israel possesses a relatively modest navy, with no frigates, destroyers, or aircraft carriers, and only five submarines in contrast to Iran's fleet of 19 submarines. While Iran's navy may not be formidable, it generally outmatches Israel's naval assets across various metrics.

In summary, the data appears to indicate that Iran holds a significant advantage in terms of manpower and military resources.
From a strategic standpoint, it appears that Iran possesses advantages in both ground and naval capabilities. However, these advantages are likely to be inconsequential, as Tehran is not expected to initiate a naval blockade, nor is a conventional land war a viable option for either side. An analysis of the geographical layout of West Asia reveals that Israel is situated along the Mediterranean coast, with several intervening nations before reaching Iran. It is impractical for Israel to traverse through Jordan and Iraq to launch an invasion of Iran. Furthermore, should Iran attempt such an offensive, Israel could effectively target Iranian troop movements from an aerial position, making any ground invasion highly unlikely. Consequently, the significance of manpower and ground or naval superiority diminishes in this context. The decisive factor in this scenario is air superiority, an area where Israel excels. 

For comparison, Israel's air capabilities include 241 fighter jets versus Iran's 186; 39 dedicated attack aircraft compared to Iran’s 23; and 48 attack helicopters against Iran’s 13. This illustrates that Israel significantly outnumbers Iran in aerial assets. However, beyond numerical superiority, it is the advanced quality of the Israeli Air Force that ensures its dominance. Iran operates outdated aircraft dating back to the 1960s and 1970s, including American F-4s and F-5s acquired prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, along with a limited number of Russian Su-24s and other older jets. In contrast, Israel boasts a fleet of state-of-the-art F-15s, F-16s, and F-35 stealth fighters, which Iran has no means to effectively counter. The presence of outdated F-4s from the 1960s will be largely ineffective against modern F-35s without significant luck on Iran's side. Thus, should a full-scale conflict arise, Israel’s reliance on its air superiority would be pivotal, allowing it to pursue aggressive strategies akin to its tactics in Gaza and Lebanon. However, it is important to note that the dynamics of such a conflict with Iran will be more complex, given Iran's awareness and potential strategies to contest aerial operations.
It is evident that Iran cannot contend with Israel in traditional aerial engagements or conventional air combat scenarios, a realization it has grappled with for many years. In response, Iran has strategically shifted its focus toward the development and deployment of missiles and drones rather than relying on fighter jets and helicopters. The Shahid 136, a well-known kamikaze drone, exemplifies this shift; it is relatively inexpensive to produce, user-friendly, and capable of swarming enemy positions. While Israel possesses numerous fighter jets, Iran boasts a significantly larger fleet of drones, potentially numbering in the hundreds or thousands. This scenario poses a quantitative challenge in aerial bombardment, leading to the question of whether Israel can effectively intercept Iranian drones on a daily basis. Additionally, there are concerns regarding Iran's indigenous hypersonic missiles, such as the Fattah 1 and 2, which could further complicate aerial warfare dynamics. 

In a hypothetical aerial conflict, Iran would need to neutralize approximately 240 Israeli jets, while Israel would face the daunting task of intercepting numerous incoming projectiles daily. This scenario would be challenging purely from a military perspective; however, other factors, such as economic considerations, also play a crucial role. Israel stands as one of the wealthiest nations in the region, while Iran has endured economic hardships due to extended sanctions. Although Iran has a population ten times that of Israel, its GDP is substantially lower, primarily sustained through oil and arms exports. The potential consequences of an Israeli assault on Iranian oil refineries or drone manufacturing facilities could be dire for Iran's economy and its citizens, rendering such a conflict highly costly for Tehran, particularly in wartime.

Economics thus becomes an advantageous element for Israel. Furthermore, Israel possesses another significant advantage that Iran cannot match: its alliance with the United States. While Iran maintains friendly relations with Russia and China, these nations are unlikely to offer the same level of support that the United States provides to Israel. In the event of an attack on Israel, the U.S. is expected to intervene regardless of the circumstances or political considerations, emphasizing the critical nature of this alliance in the geopolitical landscape.

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